Friday night dinners (the eve of the Sabbath) are generally family meals with a social focus. Jews didn't wait for Facebook to learn how to gather, talk, eat together, and share ideas over a good meal. In addition to family favorites, and varying to some extent according to ethnic background, traditional dishes are served, such as challah bread, chicken soup, salads, chicken or meat dishes, and cakes or fruit for dessert.
The Shabbat lunch is also an important social meal. Since ancient times, Jewish communities around the world have prepared meat casseroles that begin cooking before the lighting of the candles that marks the start of Shabbat on Friday evening, in order to comply with religious rules for observing the Sabbath. In modern Israel, this filling dish, in many variations, is still eaten on the Sabbath, not only in religious households, but is also served in some restaurants during the week.
The basic ingredients are meat and beans or rice simmered overnight on a hot plate. Ashkenazi cholent typically contains meat, potatoes, barley, and beans, sometimes kishke, and seasonings such as pepper and paprika. Sephardic hamin contains chicken or meat, rice, beans, garlic, sweet potatoes (or not), seasonings such as turmeric and cinnamon, and whole eggs in their shells. Moroccan Jews prepare variations called dafina or skhina (or s'hina) with meat, onions, marrow bones, potatoes, chickpeas, wheat, eggs, and spices like turmeric, cumin, paprika, and pepper. Iraqi Jews prepare tebit using chicken and rice.
For desserts or informal Shabbat gatherings, home bakers always prepare a wide variety of cakes on Friday to be enjoyed on Shabbat, or purchased from bakeries or shops, cakes such as sponge cake, citrus semolina cake, cinnamon or chocolate babkas and fruit and nut cakes.
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